Model 421 Diamond Chair by Harry Bertoia for Knoll, 1950s

Want to Know More About Harry Bertoia?

Born in 1915, Harry Bertoia was an Italian-born American artist, sound art sculptor and modern furniture designer. His name has become synonymous with functional chairs and his combination of sculptural artistry with functionalist designs that characterise modernist furniture.

Harry Bertoia's Education

Having studied at Cass Technical High School (where he learnt how to make handmade jewelry), Harry Bertoia then attended the College for Creative Studies in Detroit as well as the Cranbrook Academy of Art, where he first discovered the likes of Walter Gropius, Edward N. Bacon and Ray and Charles Eames.

Harry Bertoia's Early Career

He opened his first metal workshop in 1939, teaching metal work and jewelry design before moving to California to work for Charles & Ray Eames at the Evans Product Company. In 1950, he moved to Pennsylvania to set up a studio with Hans and Florence Knoll, where he designed five pieces that established his reputation and became known as the Bertoia Collection for Knoll. These design classics sold so well that Harry Bertoia was able to focus on sculpture, and was a fellow at the Graham Foundation in Chicago. The most famous of the collection for Knoll included the Diamond Chair which was a fluid form made from a molded lattice work of welded steel. They were handmade because there wasn't a suitable mass production process, and underwent a few changes due to a patent issue with Herman Miller. Harry Bertoia said of his own collection: 'If you look at these chairs, they are mainly made of air, like sculpture. Space passes right through them.' All his designs encompassed this concept - of beauty, space, air and sculpture - regardless of whether it be an art installation or a range of furnishings.

Harry Bertoia's Sculptures

By stretching and bending materials, Harry Bertoia would experiment with creating sound and produced a series of ten albums, called Sonambient, which were rediscovered in the 1990s by his daughter. He was also commissioned to design the Marshall University fountain in West Virginia as a tribute to the university's football team after they were killed in a plane crash. Bertoia also designed sculptures for the Gordon Bunshaft building, now occupied by J.P. Morgan Chase in New York City - who removed and dismantled the sculpture in 2010. Other notable sculptures include the 'Golden sun' which was commissioned in 1967 for an auditorium in Michigan, and consists of 675 gold-plated stainless steel branches. He died in 1978 of lung cancer, and was survived by his wife and three children.

Hans Knoll was born in 1914 in Stuttgart, Germany, into the successful manufacturing family behind Walter Knoll & Co. Early-20th-century Germany was an epicenter of modernist design theory—most notably expressed in the products and practices of the Deutscher Werkbund association of artists, architects, designers, and industrialists, as well as the influential Bauhaus school—which advocated for design rooted in the principles of rationality, functionalism, and mass production. This milieu had a profound influence on Hans and inspired him to produce furniture for the new age. In 1937, after a stint in London, he moved to the United States and brought his modernist vision with him.

Florence Knoll (neé Schust) was born in Saginaw, Michigan in 1917 and from an early age exhibited a strong interest in architecture. After graduating from the Kingswood School for Girls in 1934, she moved across campus to the newly formed, Bauhaus-inspired Cranbrook Academy of Art to study architecture under recent émigré, Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen. There she befriended future design luminaries Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen. She went on to Columbia University’s School of Architecture to study town planning. In 1937, she apprenticed under former-Bauhaus professors Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a few years later, enrolled at the Illinois Institute of Technology, where German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became a life-long mentor to her.

In 1938, Hans Knoll established The Hans G. Knoll Furniture Company as a furniture exporter in a small space on East 72nd Street in New York City. As the company quickly grew, it evolved into a manufacturing business. In 1941, he opened his first plant in a former dance hall in East Greenville, Pennsylvania and hired Danish designer Jens Risom, who eventually helped him develop the first, original Knoll furniture designs. That same year, Hans met Florence on an interior design project and, recognizing her exceptional taste and eye, hired her to bring in business with architects and interior designers and, later, to provide in-house planning and interior design expertise for a growing corporate clientele. In 1946, Hans and Florence married and renamed the company Knoll Associates. That same year, the Knolls formally established the Planning Unit, solidifying the company’s role in the design of interior spaces. In 1951, Knoll International was launched as the German and French arms of Knoll, producing Knoll designs for the European market. Sadly, Hans died in a tragic car crash in 1955, but Florence remained actively involved until she retired in 1965.

Knoll’s signature pieces include Breuer’s Wassily Chair (1925), Mies van der Rohe’s Barcelona Chair (1929/1948), Harry Bertoia’s Diamond Chair (1952), Eero Saarinen’s Tulip Armchair (1957), as well as Florence‘s own furniture collection developed through the 1950s. Knoll’s impressive catalogue includes a who’s-who list of midcentury modern and contemporary design figures, including Jens Risom, Alexander Girard, George Nakashima, Isamu Noguchi, Richard Schultz, Warren Platner, Charles Pollock, Andrew Morrison & Bruce Hannah, Vignelli Associates, Richard Sapper, Maya Lin, Frank Gehry, and Rem Koolhaas. As of this writing, Knoll’s most recent collaboration is with David Adjaye, who designed the Washington Collection for Knoll and the Adjaye Collection for KnollTextiles. Today, the company is particularly focused on meeting the evolving needs of the 21st-century workplace.

In 2011, Knoll received the National Design Award for Corporate and Institutional Achievement from the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York. The award recognized Knoll’s legacy in American modern design and the company’s commitment to promoting the relationship between good design and quality of life. Knoll designs can be found in the permanent design collections of institutions around the world, including more than 30 acquired by New York’s Museum of Modern Art.

* All images courtesy Knoll, Inc. The David Adjaye Skeleton Chair was photographed by Joshua McHugh.